Currently, at least the following diseases and medical conditions are thought to have been inherited by humans from Neanderthals:
- type 2 diabetes
- higher risk of male infertility (compared to Africans)
- Lesniowski-Crohn disease
- rheumatoid arthritis
- tendency to smoking addiction
- lupus
- excessive blood clotting
- several autoimmunological conditions
- primary biliary cirrhosis
- some speech impediments and speech disorders
- dyslexia
- tendency to long-term clinical depression
- bipolar disorder
- higher risk of myocardial infarction (compared to Africans)
- corns and callosity of skin
- actinic keratosis
- seborrheic keratoses
- higher risk of coronary atherosclerosis (compared to Africans)
- incontinency
- bladder pains
- urinary tract disorders
- higher tendency to autism (compared to Africans)